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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">time – Functions for manipulating clock time</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wall-clock-time">Wall Clock Time</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processor-clock-time">Processor Clock Time</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#struct-time">struct_time</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-and-formatting-times">Parsing and Formatting Times</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-time-zones">Working with Time Zones</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="module-time">
<span id="time-functions-for-manipulating-clock-time"></span><h1>time – Functions for manipulating clock time<a class="headerlink" href="#module-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Purpose:</th><td class="field-body">Functions for manipulating clock time.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Python Version:</th><td class="field-body">1.4 or earlier</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></tt></a> module exposes C library functions for manipulating
dates and times. Since it is tied to the underlying C implementation,
some details (such as the start of the epoch and maximum date value
supported) are platform-specific. Refer to the library documentation
for complete details.</p>
<div class="section" id="wall-clock-time">
<h2>Wall Clock Time<a class="headerlink" href="#wall-clock-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>One of the core functions of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></tt></a> module is <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></tt></a>,
which returns the number of seconds since the start of the epoch as a
floating point value.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'The time is:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Although the value is always a float, actual precision is
platform-dependent.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_time.py
The time is: 1205079300.54</pre>
</div>
<p>The float representation is useful when storing or comparing dates,
but not as useful for producing human readable representations. For
logging or printing time <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctime()</span></tt> can be more useful.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'The time is :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">later</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">15</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'15 secs from now :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">later</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here the second output line shows how to use <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctime()</span></tt> to format
a time value other than the current time.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_ctime.py
The time is : Sun Mar 9 12:18:02 2008
15 secs from now : Sun Mar 9 12:18:17 2008</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="processor-clock-time">
<h2>Processor Clock Time<a class="headerlink" href="#processor-clock-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>While <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></tt></a> returns a wall clock time, <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">clock()</span></tt>
returns processor clock time. The values returned from
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">clock()</span></tt> should be used for performance testing, benchmarking,
etc. since they reflect the actual time used by the program, and can
be more precise than the values from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hashlib</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="c"># Data to use to calculate md5 checksums</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__file__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rt'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sha1</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">': </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s"> </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clock</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100000</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cksum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">digest</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In this example, the formatted <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctime()</span></tt> is printed along with
the floating point values from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></tt></a>, and <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">clock()</span></tt> for
each iteration through the loop. If you want to run the example on
your system, you may have to add more cycles to the inner loop or work
with a larger amount of data to actually see a difference.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_clock.py
Sun Mar 9 12:41:53 2008 : 1205080913.260 0.030
Sun Mar 9 12:41:53 2008 : 1205080913.682 0.440
Sun Mar 9 12:41:54 2008 : 1205080914.103 0.860
Sun Mar 9 12:41:54 2008 : 1205080914.518 1.270
Sun Mar 9 12:41:54 2008 : 1205080914.932 1.680</pre>
</div>
<p>Typically, the processor clock doesn’t tick if your program isn’t doing
anything.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s"> </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clock</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Sleeping'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In this example, the loop does very little work by going to sleep
after each iteration. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></tt></a> value increases even while
the app is asleep, but the <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">clock()</span></tt> value does not.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_clock_sleep.py
Sun Mar 9 12:46:36 2008 1205081196.20 0.02
Sleeping 6
Sun Mar 9 12:46:42 2008 1205081202.20 0.02
Sleeping 5
Sun Mar 9 12:46:47 2008 1205081207.20 0.02
Sleeping 4
Sun Mar 9 12:46:51 2008 1205081211.20 0.02
Sleeping 3
Sun Mar 9 12:46:54 2008 1205081214.21 0.02
Sleeping 2</pre>
</div>
<p>Calling <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sleep()</span></tt> yields control from the current thread and
asks it to wait for the system to wake it back up. If your program has
only one thread, this effectively blocks the app and it does no work.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="struct-time">
<h2>struct_time<a class="headerlink" href="#struct-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Storing times as elapsed seconds is useful in some situations, but
there are times when you need to have access to the individual fields
of a date (year, month, etc.). The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: Functions for manipulating clock time"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></tt></a> module defines
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct_time</span></tt> for holding date and time values with components
broken out so they are easy to access. There are several functions
that work with <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct_time</span></tt> values instead of floats.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'gmtime :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gmtime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'localtime:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localtime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'mktime :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mktime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localtime</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">print</span>
<span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localtime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Day of month:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tm_mday</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">' Day of week:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tm_wday</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">' Day of year:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tm_yday</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gmtime()</span></tt> returns the current time in UTC. <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">localtime()</span></tt>
returns the current time with the current time zone
applied. <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mktime()</span></tt> takes a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct_time</span></tt> and converts it
to the floating point representation.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_struct.py
gmtime : (2008, 3, 9, 16, 58, 19, 6, 69, 0)
localtime: (2008, 3, 9, 12, 58, 19, 6, 69, 1)
mktime : 1205081899.0
Day of month: 9
Day of week: 6
Day of year: 69</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="parsing-and-formatting-times">
<h2>Parsing and Formatting Times<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-and-formatting-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The two functions <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></tt> convert
between struct_time and string representations of time values. There
is a long list of formatting instructions available to support input
and output in different styles. The complete list is documented in the
library documentation for the time module.</p>
<p>This example converts the current time from a string, to a
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct_time</span></tt> instance, and back to a string.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">now</span>
<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strptime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">parsed</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%a %b </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> %H:%M:%S %Y"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output string is not exactly like the input, since the day of the
month is prefixed with a zero.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_strptime.py
Sun Mar 9 13:01:19 2008
(2008, 3, 9, 13, 1, 19, 6, 69, -1)
Sun Mar 09 13:01:19 2008</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-time-zones">
<h2>Working with Time Zones<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-time-zones" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The functions for determining the current time depend on having the time zone
set, either by your program or by using a default time zone set for the
system. Changing the time zone does not change the actual time, just the way
it is represented.</p>
<p>To change the time zone, set the environment variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TZ</span></tt>, then
call <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzset()</span></tt>. Using TZ, you can specify the time zone with a
lot of detail, right down to the start and stop times for daylight
savings time. It is usually easier to use the time zone name and let
the underlying libraries derive the other information, though.</p>
<p>This example program changes the time zone to a few different values
and shows how the changes affect other settings in the time module.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">show_zone_info</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s">TZ :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'TZ'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'(not set)'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s">tzname:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tzname</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s">Zone : </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> (</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">)'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timezone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timezone</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s">DST :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">daylight</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s">Time :'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Default :'</span>
<span class="n">show_zone_info</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">zone</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s">'US/Eastern'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'US/Pacific'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'GMT'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Europe/Amsterdam'</span> <span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'TZ'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">zone</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tzset</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">zone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">':'</span>
<span class="n">show_zone_info</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>My default time zone is US/Eastern, so setting TZ to that has no
effect. The other zones used change the tzname, daylight flag, and
timezone offset value.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ python time_timezone.py
Default :
TZ : (not set)
tzname: ('EST', 'EDT')
Zone : 18000 (5)
DST : 1
Time : Sun Mar 9 13:06:53 2008
US/Eastern :
TZ : US/Eastern
tzname: ('EST', 'EDT')
Zone : 18000 (5)
DST : 1
Time : Sun Mar 9 13:06:53 2008
US/Pacific :
TZ : US/Pacific
tzname: ('PST', 'PDT')
Zone : 28800 (8)
DST : 1
Time : Sun Mar 9 10:06:53 2008
GMT :
TZ : GMT
tzname: ('GMT', 'GMT')
Zone : 0 (0)
DST : 0
Time : Sun Mar 9 17:06:53 2008
Europe/Amsterdam :
TZ : Europe/Amsterdam
tzname: ('CET', 'CEST')
Zone : -3600 (-1)
DST : 1
Time : Sun Mar 9 18:06:53 2008</pre>
</div>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/lib/module-time.html">time</a></dt>
<dd>Standard library documentation for this module.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../datetime/index.html#module-datetime" title="datetime: Date/time value manipulation."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>The datetime module includes other classes for doing calculations with dates and times.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../calendar/index.html#module-calendar" title="calendar: The calendar module implements classes for working with dates to manage year/month/week oriented values."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">calendar</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>Work with higher-level date functions to produce calendars or
calculate recurring events.</dd>
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