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<!DOCTYPE document [
<!ENTITY project SYSTEM "project.xml">
]>
<document url="class-loader-howto.html">
&project;
<properties>
<author email="craigmcc@apache.org">Craig R. McClanahan</author>
<author email="yoavs@apache.org">Yoav Shapira</author>
<title>Class Loader HOW-TO</title>
</properties>
<body>
<section name="Table of Contents">
<toc/>
</section>
<section name="Overview">
<p>Like many server applications, Tomcat installs a variety of class loaders
(that is, classes that implement <code>java.lang.ClassLoader</code>) to allow
different portions of the container, and the web applications running on the
container, to have access to different repositories of available classes and
resources. This mechanism is used to provide the functionality defined in the
Servlet Specification, version 2.4 — in particular, Sections 9.4
and 9.6.</p>
<p>In a Java environment, class loaders are
arranged in a parent-child tree. Normally, when a class loader is asked to
load a particular class or resource, it delegates the request to a parent
class loader first, and then looks in its own repositories only if the parent
class loader(s) cannot find the requested class or resource. Note, that the
model for web application class loaders <em>differs</em> slightly from this,
as discussed below, but the main principles are the same.</p>
<p>When Tomcat is started, it creates a set of class loaders that are
organized into the following parent-child relationships, where the parent
class loader is above the child class loader:</p>
<source>
Bootstrap
|
System
|
Common
/ \
Webapp1 Webapp2 ...
</source>
<p>The characteristics of each of these class loaders, including the source
of classes and resources that they make visible, are discussed in detail in
the following section.</p>
</section>
<section name="Class Loader Definitions">
<p>As indicated in the diagram above, Tomcat 6 creates the following class
loaders as it is initialized:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Bootstrap</strong> — This class loader contains the basic
runtime classes provided by the Java Virtual Machine, plus any classes from
JAR files present in the System Extensions directory
(<code>$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext</code>). <em>Note</em>: some JVMs may
implement this as more than one class loader, or it may not be visible
(as a class loader) at all.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>System</strong> — This class loader is normally initialized
from the contents of the <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment variable. All
such classes are visible to both Tomcat internal classes, and to web
applications. However, the standard Tomcat startup scripts
(<code>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh</code> or
<code>%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat</code>) totally ignore the contents
of the <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment variable itself, and instead
build the System class loader from the following repositories:
</p>
<ul>
<li><p><em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/bootstrap.jar</em> — Contains the
main() method that is used to initialize the Tomcat server, and the
class loader implementation classes it depends on.</p></li>
<li><p><em>$CATALINA_BASE/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> and
<em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> — Logging
implementation classes. These include enhancement classes to
<code>java.util.logging</code> API, known as Tomcat JULI,
and a package-renamed copy of Apache Commons Logging library
used internally by Tomcat.
See <a href="logging.html">logging documentation</a> for more
details.</p></li>
<li><p><em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/commons-daemon.jar</em> — The classes
from <a href="http://commons.apache.org/daemon/">Apache Commons
Daemon</a> project.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The <em>tomcat-juli.jar</em> and <em>commons-daemon.jar</em> JARs in
<em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin</em> are not present in the <code>CLASSPATH</code>
built by <code>catalina.bat</code>|<code>.sh</code> scripts, but are
referenced from the manifest file of <em>bootstrap.jar</em>.
</p>
<p>If <em>$CATALINA_BASE</em> and <em>$CATALINA_HOME</em> do differ and
<em>$CATALINA_BASE/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> does exist, the startup scripts
will add it to <code>CLASSPATH</code> before <em>bootstrap.jar</em>, so
that Java will look into <em>$CATALINA_BASE/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em> for
classes before it will look into <em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/tomcat-juli.jar</em>
referenced by <em>bootstrap.jar</em>. It should work in most cases but,
if you are using such configuration, it might be recommended to remove
<em>tomcat-juli.jar</em> from <em>$CATALINA_HOME/bin</em> so that only
one copy of the file is present on the classpath. The next version of
Tomcat, Tomcat 7, takes different approach here.
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Common</strong> — This class loader contains additional
classes that are made visible to both Tomcat internal classes and to all
web applications.</p>
<p>Normally, application classes should <strong>NOT</strong>
be placed here. The locations searched by this class loader are defined by
the <code>common.loader</code> property in
$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.properties. The default setting will search the
following locations in the order they are listed:</p>
<ul>
<li>unpacked classes and resources in <code>$CATALINA_BASE/lib</code></li>
<li>JAR files in <code>$CATALINA_BASE/lib</code></li>
<li>unpacked classes and resources in <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code></li>
<li>JAR files in <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code></li>
</ul>
<p>By default, this includes the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>annotations-api.jar</em> — JavaEE annotations classes.</li>
<li><em>catalina.jar</em> — Implementation of the Catalina servlet
container portion of Tomcat.</li>
<li><em>catalina-ant.jar</em> — Tomcat Catalina Ant tasks.</li>
<li><em>catalina-ha.jar</em> — High availability package.</li>
<li><em>catalina-tribes.jar</em> — Group communication package.</li>
<li><em>ecj-*.jar</em> — Eclipse JDT Java compiler.</li>
<li><em>el-api.jar</em> — EL 2.1 API.</li>
<li><em>jasper.jar</em> — Tomcat Jasper JSP Compiler and Runtime.</li>
<li><em>jasper-el.jar</em> — Tomcat Jasper EL implementation.</li>
<li><em>jsp-api.jar</em> — JSP 2.1 API.</li>
<li><em>servlet-api.jar</em> — Servlet 2.5 API.</li>
<li><em>tomcat-coyote.jar</em> — Tomcat connectors and utility classes.</li>
<li><em>tomcat-dbcp.jar</em> — Database connection pool
implementation based on package-renamed copy of Apache Commons Pool
and Apache Commons DBCP.</li>
<li><em>tomcat-i18n-**.jar</em> — Optional JARs containing resource bundles
for other languages. As default bundles are also included in each
individual JAR, they can be safely removed if no internationalization
of messages is needed.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p><strong>WebappX</strong> — A class loader is created for each web
application that is deployed in a single Tomcat instance. All unpacked
classes and resources in the <code>/WEB-INF/classes</code> directory of
your web application, plus classes and resources in JAR files
under the <code>/WEB-INF/lib</code> directory of your web application,
are made visible to this web application, but not to other ones.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>As mentioned above, the web application class loader diverges from the
default Java 2 delegation model (in accordance with the recommendations in the
Servlet Specification, version 2.4, section 9.7.2 Web Application Classloader).
When a request to load a
class from the web application's <em>WebappX</em> class loader is processed,
this class loader will look in the local repositories <strong>first</strong>,
instead of delegating before looking. There are exceptions. Classes which are
part of the JRE base classes cannot be overriden. For some classes (such as
the XML parser components in J2SE 1.4+), the J2SE 1.4 endorsed feature can be
used.
Last, any JAR file that contains Servlet API classes will be explicitly
ignored by the classloader — Do not include such JARs in your web
application.
All other class loaders in Tomcat 6 follow the usual delegation pattern.</p>
<p>Therefore, from the perspective of a web application, class or resource
loading looks in the following repositories, in this order:</p>
<ul>
<li>Bootstrap classes of your JVM</li>
<li>System class loader classes (described above)</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/classes</em> of your web application</li>
<li><em>/WEB-INF/lib/*.jar</em> of your web application</li>
<li>Common class loader classes (described above)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section name="XML Parsers and Java">
<p>Starting with Java 1.4 a copy of JAXP APIs and an XML parser are packed
inside the JRE. This has impacts on applications that wish to use their own
XML parser.</p>
<p>In old versions of Tomcat, you could simply replace the XML parser
in the Tomcat libraries directory to change the parser
used by all web applications. However, this technique will not be effective
when you are running modern versions of Java, because the usual class loader
delegation process will always choose the implementation inside the JDK in
preference to this one.</p>
<p>Java supports a mechanism called the "Endorsed Standards Override
Mechanism" to allow replacement of APIs created outside of the JCP
(i.e. DOM and SAX from W3C). It can also be used to update the XML parser
implementation. For more information, see:
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/standards/index.html">
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/standards/index.html</a>.</p>
<p>Tomcat utilizes this mechanism by including the system property setting
<code>-Djava.endorsed.dirs=$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS</code> in the
command line that starts the container. The default value of this option is
<em>$CATALINA_HOME/endorsed</em>. This <em>endorsed</em> directory is not
created by default.</p>
</section>
<section name="Running under a security manager">
<p>When running under a security manager the locations from which classes
are permitted to be loaded will also depend on the contents of your policy
file. See <a href="security-manager-howto.html">Security Manager HOW-TO</a>
for further information.</p>
</section>
</body>
</document>