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href="about.html#the-motw-command-line-interface">The motw Command Line Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html#using-pymotw-with-the-interactive-interpreter">Using PyMOTW with the Interactive Interpreter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html#translations-and-other-versions">Translations and Other Versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html#other-contributors">Other Contributors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html#copyright-and-licensing">Copyright and Licensing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="articles/index.html">Features of the Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="articles/data_persistence.html">Data Persistence and Exchange</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="articles/data_structures.html">In-Memory Data Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="articles/file_access.html">File Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="articles/text_processing.html">Text Processing Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="builtins.html">Built-in Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions/index.html">exceptions – Built-in error classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="string_services.html">String Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs/index.html">codecs – String encoding and decoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib/index.html">difflib – Compare sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string/index.html">string – Working with text</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="StringIO/index.html">StringIO and cStringIO – Work with text buffers using file-like API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re/index.html">re – Regular Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct/index.html">struct – Working with Binary Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap/index.html">textwrap – Formatting text paragraphs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="data_types.html">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array/index.html">array – Sequence of fixed-type data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime/index.html">datetime – Date/time value manipulation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar/index.html">calendar – Work with dates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections/index.html">collections – Container data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq/index.html">heapq – In-place heap sort algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect/index.html">bisect – Maintain lists in sorted order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched/index.html">sched – Generic event scheduler.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="Queue/index.html">Queue – A thread-safe FIFO implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref/index.html">weakref – Garbage-collectable references to objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy/index.html">copy – Duplicate objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint/index.html">pprint – Pretty-print data structures</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal/index.html">decimal – Fixed and floating point math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions/index.html">fractions – Rational Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools/index.html">functools – Tools for Manipulating Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools/index.html">itertools – Iterator functions for efficient looping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math/index.html">math – Mathematical functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator/index.html">operator – Functional interface to built-in operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random/index.html">random – Pseudorandom number generators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet_data.html">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64/index.html">base64 – Encode binary data into ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json/index.html">json – JavaScript Object Notation Serializer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox/index.html">mailbox – Access and manipulate email archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mhlib/index.html">mhlib – Work with MH mailboxes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="file_formats.html">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv/index.html">csv – Comma-separated value files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ConfigParser/index.html">ConfigParser – Work with configuration files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="robotparser/index.html">robotparser – Internet spider access control</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cryptographic.html">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib/index.html">hashlib – Cryptographic hashes and message digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac/index.html">hmac – Cryptographic signature and verification of messages.</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="file_access.html">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ospath/index.html">os.path – Platform-independent manipulation of file names.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput/index.html">fileinput – Process lines from input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp/index.html">filecmp – Compare files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile/index.html">tempfile – Create temporary filesystem resources.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob/index.html">glob – Filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch/index.html">fnmatch – Compare filenames against Unix-style glob patterns.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache/index.html">linecache – Read text files efficiently</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil/index.html">shutil – High-level file operations.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dircache/index.html">dircache – Cache directory listings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compression.html">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2/index.html">bz2 – bzip2 compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip/index.html">gzip – Read and write GNU zip files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile/index.html">tarfile – Tar archive access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile/index.html">zipfile – Read and write ZIP archive files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib/index.html">zlib – Low-level access to GNU zlib compression library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="anydbm/index.html">anydbm – Access to DBM-style databases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbhash/index.html">dbhash – DBM-style API for the BSD database library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm/index.html">dbm – Simple database interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dumbdbm/index.html">dumbdbm – Portable DBM Implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gdbm/index.html">gdbm – GNU’s version of the dbm library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle/index.html">pickle and cPickle – Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve/index.html">shelve – Persistent storage of arbitrary Python objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whichdb/index.html">whichdb – Identify DBM-style database formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3/index.html">sqlite3 – Embedded Relational Database</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="generic_os.html">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os/index.html">os – Portable access to operating system specific features.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time/index.html">time – Functions for manipulating clock time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt/index.html">getopt – Command line option parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse/index.html">optparse – Command line option parser to replace getopt.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse/index.html">argparse – Command line option and argument parsing.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging/index.html">logging – Report status, error, and informational messages.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass/index.html">getpass – Prompt the user for a password without echoing.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform/index.html">platform – Access system version information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="optional_os.html">Optional Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading/index.html">threading – Manage concurrent threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap/index.html">mmap – Memory-map files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing/index.html">multiprocessing – Manage processes like threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline/index.html">readline – Interface to the GNU readline library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter/index.html">rlcompleter – Adds tab-completion to the interactive interpreter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">Unix-specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="commands/index.html">commands – Run external shell commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp/index.html">grp – Unix Group Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes/index.html">pipes – Unix shell command pipeline templates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd/index.html">pwd – Unix Password Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource/index.html">resource – System resource management</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat/index.html">asynchat – Asynchronous protocol handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore/index.html">asyncore – Asynchronous I/O handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal/index.html">signal – Receive notification of asynchronous system events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess/index.html">subprocess – Work with additional processes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet_protocols.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="BaseHTTPServer/index.html">BaseHTTPServer – base classes for implementing web servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb/index.html">cgitb – Detailed traceback reports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="Cookie/index.html">Cookie – HTTP Cookies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib/index.html">imaplib - IMAP4 client library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="SimpleXMLRPCServer/index.html">SimpleXMLRPCServer – Implements an XML-RPC server.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd/index.html">smtpd – Sample SMTP Servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib/index.html">smtplib – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket/index.html">socket – Network Communication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select/index.html">select – Wait for I/O Efficiently</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="SocketServer/index.html">SocketServer – Creating network servers.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib/index.html">urllib – simple interface for network resource access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2/index.html">urllib2 – Library for opening URLs.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urlparse/index.html">urlparse – Split URL into component pieces.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid/index.html">uuid – Universally unique identifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser/index.html">webbrowser – Displays web pages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib/index.html">xmlrpclib – Client-side library for XML-RPC communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml/etree/ElementTree/index.html">xml.etree.ElementTree – XML Manipulation API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext/index.html">gettext – Message Catalogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale/index.html">locale – POSIX cultural localization API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd/index.html">cmd – Create line-oriented command processors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex/index.html">shlex – Lexical analysis of shell-style syntaxes.</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dev_tools.html">Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest/index.html">doctest – Testing through documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc/index.html">pydoc – Online help for Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest/index.html">unittest – Automated testing framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb/index.html">pdb – Interactive Debugger</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="profilers.html">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile/index.html">profile, cProfile, and pstats – Performance analysis of Python programs.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit/index.html">timeit – Time the execution of small bits of Python code.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace/index.html">trace – Follow Python statements as they are executed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="runtime_services.html">Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc/index.html">abc – Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit/index.html">atexit – Call functions when a program is closing down</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib/index.html">contextlib – Context manager utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc/index.html">gc – Garbage Collector</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect/index.html">inspect – Inspect live objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site/index.html">site – Site-wide configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys/index.html">sys – System-specific Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig/index.html">sysconfig – Interpreter Compile-time Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback/index.html">traceback – Extract, format, and print exceptions and stack traces.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings/index.html">warnings – Non-fatal alerts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall/index.html">compileall – Byte-compile Source Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis/index.html">dis – Python Bytecode Disassembler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr/index.html">pyclbr – Python class browser support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny/index.html">tabnanny – Indentation validator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="importing.html">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imp/index.html">imp – Interface to module import mechanism.</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil/index.html">pkgutil – Package Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport/index.html">zipimport – Load Python code from inside ZIP archives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="miscelaneous.html">Miscelaneous</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="EasyDialogs/index.html">EasyDialogs – Carbon dialogs for Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib/index.html">plistlib – Manipulate OS X property list files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="history.html">History</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div 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